Escape Sequence/Function	ASCII Code	Performed Function
ESC A	1B, 41hex 27, 65dec	Move cursor up one line without changing column.
ESC B	1B, 42hex 27, 66dec	Move cursor down one line without changing column.
ESC C	1B, 43hex 27, 67dec	Move cursor foward one character position
ESC D	1B, 44hex 27, 68dec	Move cursor backward one character position
ESC H	1B, 48hex 27, 72dec	Move cursor to the home position. (line 1, column 1)
ESC I	1B, 49hex 27,73dec	Reverse index. move cursor up to previous line at current column position.
ESC Y 1 c	1B, 59hex 27, 89dec	Moves the cursor via direct (absolute) addressing to the line and column location described by 'l' and 'c'. The line ('l') and column ('c') coordinates are binary values offset from 20hex (32decimal).Thus, to move to the end of the top line, we use (in Basic): PRINT CHR$(27);"Y";CHR$(32+0);CHR$(32+79) (For further information on the use of direct addressing see section 2.4).
ESC j	1B, 6Ahex 27, 106dec	Store the current cursor position. The cursor location is saved for later restoration (see ESC k ).
ESC k	1B, 6Bhex 27, 107dec	Returns cursor to the previously saved location (see ESC j ).
ESC n	1B, 6Ehex 27, 110dec	Return the current cursor position. The current cursor location is returned as line and column, offset from 20hex (32decimal), in the next character input request.

2.3.2 Editing Functions

Escape Sequence/Function	ASCII Code	Performed Function
ESC @	1B, 40hex 27, 64dec	Enter the character insert mode. Characters may be added at the current cursor position, as each new character is added, the character at the end of the line is lost.
ESC E	1B, 45hex 27, 69dec	Erase the entire screen.
ESC J	1B, 4Ahex 27, 74dec	Erase from the current cursor position to the end of the screen.
ESC K	1B, 4Bhex 27, 75dec	Erase the screen from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
ESC L	1B, 4Chex 27, 76dec	Insert a blank line on the current cursor line. The current line, and all following lines are moved down one, and the cursor is placed at the beginning of the blank line.
ESC M	1B, 4Dhex 27, 77dec	Delete the line containing the cursor, place the cursor at the start of the line, and move all following lines up one - a blank line is inserted at line 24.
ESC N	1B, 4Ehex 27, 78dec	Delete the character at the cursor position, and move all other characters on the line after the cursor to the left one character position.
ESC O	1B, 4Fhex 27, 79dec	Exit from the character insert mode (see ESC @).
ESC X	1B, 58hex 27, 88dec	Exchanges the current line for the contents of an internal buffer. To swap two lines, do the following: move cursor to first line ESC X (puts line into internal buffer) move cursor to other line ESC X (swaps first line for this) move cursor to first line ESC X (puts second line where first was)
ESC b	1B, 62hex 27, 98dec	Erase the screen from the start of the screen up to, and including, the current cursor position.
ESC l	1B, 6Chex 27, 108dec	Erase entire current cursor line.
ESC o	1B, 6Fhex 27, 111dec	Erase the beginning of the line up to, and including, the current cursor position.

2.3.3 Configuration Functions

Escape Sequence/Function	ASCII Code	Performed Function
ESC x Ps	1B, 78hex 27, 120dec 31hex, 49dec 33hex, 51dec 34hex, 52dec 35hex, 53dec 38hex, 56dec 39hex, 57dec 41hex, 65dec 42hex, 66dec 43hex,67dec	Ps 1 3 4 5 8 9 A B C       Sets mode(s) as follows:      ------------- Mode -------------- Enable 25th line (see section 5.5) Hold screen mode on Block cursor Cursor off Auto line feed on receipt of a carriage return Auto carriage return on receipt of line feed Increase audio volume Increase CRT brightness Increase CRT contrast For example, to disable the cursor, use (in Basic): PRINT CHR$(27);"x5"
ESC y Ps	1B, 79hex 27, 120dec 31hex, 49dec 33hex, 51dec 34hex, 52dec 35hex, 53dec 38hex, 56dec 39hex, 57dec 41hex, 65dec 42hex, 66dec 43hex,67dec	Ps 1 3 4 5 8 9 A B C       Resets mode(s) as follows:       ------------- Mode -------------- Disable 25th line (see section 5.5) Hold screen mode off Underscore cursor Cursor on No auto line feed on receipt of a carriage return No auto carriage return on receipt of line feed Decrease audio volume Decrease CRT brightness Decrease CRT contrast
ESC ]	1B, 5Bhex 27, 91dec	Set hold mode
ESC \	1B, 5Chex 27, 92dec	Clear hold mode
ESC ^	1B, 5Ehex 27, 94dec	Toggle hold mode on/off

2.3.4 Operation Mode Functions

Escape Sequence/Function	ASCII Code	Performed Function
ESC (	1B, 28hex 27, 40dec	Enter high intensity mode. All characters displayed after this point will be displayed in high-intensity
ESC )	1B, 29hex 1B, 41dec	Exit high intensity mode
ESC 0	1B, 30hex 27, 48dec	Enter underline mode. All characters displayed after this point will be underlined
ESC 1	1B, 31hex 27, 49dec	Exit underline mode
ESC p	1B, 70hex 27, 112dec	Enter reverse video mode. All characters displayed after this point will be displayed in reverse video
ESC q	1B, 71hex 27, 113dec	Exit reverse video mode

2.3.5 Special Functions

Escape Sequence/Function	ASCII Code	Performed Function
ESC #	1B, 23hex 27, 35dec	Return the current contents of the page. The entire contents of the screen are made available at the next character input request(s).   (For further information on the use of this function, see section 2.5)
ESC $	1B, 24hex 27, 36dec	Return the value of the character at the current cursor position. The character is returned in the next character input request
ESC +	1B, 2Bhex 27, 43dec	Clear the foreground. Clear all high-intensity displayed characters
ESC 2	1B, 32hex 27, 50dec	Make cursor blink
ESC 3	1B, 33hex 27, 51dec	Stop cursor blink
ESC 4	1B, 34hex 27, 52dec	Temporarily generate different characters on the keyboard. Though the escape sequence is listed under 132C, it can be used under MBASIC on MS-DOS. Eg. change function key no.1 to backslash, escape sequence - Esc 4 m lk kv. Where m=character 1, 2 or 3, 1 = unshift, 2 = shift, 3 = alternate. lk = logical key number (00 -7 Fhex), kv = hexadecimal ASCII keycode of the new key value
ESC 8	1B, 38hex 27, 56dec	Set the text (literally) mode for the next single character. This allows the display of characters from 01hex (01dec) through 1Fhex (31dec) on the screen. Thus the BELL character (07hex, 07dec) will not cause the bleep, but a character will appear on the screen. For example:  PRINT CHR$(27);"8";CHR$(12); will print whatever graphic character occupies position 12 in the current set
ESC F	1B 40hex 27 70dec	The other method of accessing the graphics characters stored in positions 0-31 of the current set. This escape code maps the graphics characters into codes 94-127, i.e. it replaces the lower case letter by graphics characters
ESC G	1B 41hex 27 71hex	Clear graphics mode
ESC Z	1B, 5Ahex 27, 90dec	Identify terminal type. The VT52 emulator will return ESC\Z in the next character input request
ESC ]	1B, 5Dhex 27, 93dec	Return the value of the 25th line. The next series of character input requests will receive the current contents of the 25th line
ESC v	1B, 76hex 27, 118dec	Enable wrap-around at the end of each screen line. A character placed after column 80 of a line will be placed on the next line at column 1
ESC w	1B, 77hex 27, 119dec	Disable wrap-around at the end of each line
ESC z	1B, 7Ahex 27, 122dec	Reset terminal emulator to the power-on state. This clears all user selected modes, clears the screen, and homes the cursor
ESC {	1B, 7Bhex 27, 123dec	Enable keyboard input.(see ESC } )
ESC }	1B, 7Dhex 27, 125dec	Disable keyboard input. This locks the keyboard. Any character(s) typed are ignored until an ESC { is issued
ESC |	1B 7Chex 27 124dec	Activate user-defined console. When the 132 column utility is in memory, this escape sequence transfers control to 132C
ESC i Ps	1B, 69hex 27, 105dec 30hex, 48dec 31hex, 49dec 32hex, 50dec 33hex, 51dec	Ps 0 1 2 3       Displays banner as follows:      ------------- Mode -------------- Display entire banner Display company logo Display operating system Display configuration

2.3.6 The following VT52/Z19 commands are accepted but do nothing at present:

ESC x2	Disable key click
ESC y2	Enable key click
ESC x6	Enable keypad shift
ESC y6	Disable keypad shift
ESC t	Enable keypad shift
ESC u	Disable keypad shift
ESC x7	Enter alternate keypad mode
ESC y7	Exit alternate keypad mode
ESC =	Enter alternate keypad mode
ESC >	Exit alternate keypad mode

2.4 Direct Cursor Addressing -- Examples of Use

The direct cursor addressing function is accessed by sending the ESC Y l c sequence to the screen (see section 2.3.1). "l" is the line number required, whose valid coordinates are between 1 and 24. An offset of 1Fhex (31decimal) must be added to the location required in order to correctly locate the cursor. "c" is the column number required, whose valid coordinates are between 1 and 80. An offset of 1Fhex (31decimal) must be added to the location required in order to correctly locate the cursor.

Note that the true offset requirement of 20hex (32decimal) for line and column may only be used accurately when the line number is viewed 0 to 23, and the column number 0 to 79.

  The line/column number requested must be handled as a binary digit, examples of this follow:

2.4.1 Microsoft MS-BASIC -- Direct Cursor Positioning

The following method uses offsets from line 1, column 1:

10 PRINT CHR$(27)+"E" :REM CLEAR THE SCREEN
20 DEF FNM$(LIN,COL)=CHR$(27)+"Y"+CHR$(31+LIN)+CHR$(31+COL)
30 PRINT "Enter line (1-24) and column (1-80), as LINE,COL ";
40 INPUT LIN, COL
50 PRINT FNM$(LIN,COL);
60 FOR I = 1 TO 1000 :REM PAUSE BEFORE OK MESSAGE DISPLAYED
70 NEXT I

The alternative method, using offsets from zero is shown below:

10 PRINT CHR$(27)+"E" :REM CLEAR THE SCREEN
20 DEF FNM$(LIN,COL)=CHR$(27)+"Y"+CHR$(32+LIN)+CHR$(32+COL)
30 PRINT "Enter line (0-23) and column (0-79), as LINE,COL ";
40 INPUT LIN, COL
50 PRINT FNM$(LIN,COL);
60 FOR I = 1 TO 1000 :REM PAUSE BEFORE OK MESSAGE DISPLAYED
70 NEXT I


2.4.2 Microsoft MACRO-86 Assembler -- Direct Cursor Positioning

line_off equ 20h ;line position offset from 0
col_off equ 20h ;column position offset from 0
esc equ 1bh; ;escape character
msdos equ 21h ;interrupt to MS-DOS

clear_screen db esc,'E$' ;clear screen request
dir_cur_pos_lead db esc,'Y$' ;cursor positioning lead-in

; the cursor position required is handed down in BX
; where BH = line (0-23 binary), BL = column (0-79 binary)

clear_and_locate:
mov ah,9h ;string output up to $
mov dx,offset clear_screen ;get the clear screen string
int msdos ;and output it up to the $
;
; the cursor position required is in BX
;
add bh,line_off ;normalise line for output
add bl,col_off ;normalise column for output
;
; send the direct cursor positioning lead-in
;
mov ah,9h ;select screen output up to $
mov dx,offset dir_cur_pos_lead ;select the lead in ESC Y
int msdos ;and output it up to $
;
; now the contents of BX must be sent to the terminal emulator
;
mov dl,bh ;ready the line number
mov ah,6h ;direct console output of DL
int msdos ;output the line coordinate
; mov dl,bl ;ready the column number
mov ah,6h ;direct console output of DL
int msdos ;send the column coordinate
;
; the cursor is now at the location selected in BX


2.4.3 Microsoft Pascal Compiler -- Direct Cursor Positioning

PROGRAM position (input,output); {This method uses offsets from line 0, column 0.}

    const
      clear_screen = chr(27) * chr(69);

    var
      result : array[1..4] of char;
      i, line, column : integer
      row, col : char;

    begin
      result[1] := chr(27);     {RESULT = ESC}
      result[2] := chr(89);;    {RESULT = "Y"}
      write (' Enter line (0-23) and column (0-79), as LINE COLUMN: ');
      readln (line, column);
      writeln (clear_screen);
      row := chr(32 + line);
      col := chr(32 + column);
      result[3] := row;;    {RESULT = ROW}
      result[4] := col;;     {RESULT = COL}
      for i := 1 to 4 do
        write (result[i]);;          {PRINT CURSOR TO SCREEN}
      for i := 1 to 32000 do;    {PAUSE}
    end.


2.5 Transmit Page -- Examples of Use

The transmit page function is accessed by sending the ESC# sequence to the screen (see section 2.3.5). The result of this sequence is that all characters on the screen, as well as the cursor positioning sequences required to re-create the screen, are sent to the keyboard buffer. Reading the keyboard via a normal keyboard input request will return the entire screen of data to the program. The screen buffer within the program should be at least 1920 bytes (80x24) long to accommodate the entire screen - the program will need to perform 1920 single character inputs to empty the keyboard buffer. Note that the character input requests must be done rapidly to prevent the keyboard buffer overflowing and causing loss of data - note, too, that on a keyboard buffer overflow, the bell sounds.

The following sample programs demonstrate the use for this function request:

2.5.1 Microsoft MS-BASIC -- Transmit Page

10 DIM A$(1920)
20 PRINT CHR$(27)+"#";
30 FOR I = 1 TO 1920
40 A$(I)=INKEY$
50 NEXT I
60 PRINT CHR$(27)+"E";
70 FOR I = 1 TO 1920
80 PRINT A$(I);
90 NEXT I


2.5.2 Microsoft MACRO-86 Assembler -- Transmit Page

coniof equ 6h ;direct console i/o function
conin equ 0ffh ;console input request
printf equ 9h ;screen o/p up to $
msdos equ 21h ;interrupt operating system
buffer_length equ 1920 ;entire screen count

read_screen db 1bh,'#$' ;read entire screen
clear_screen db 1bh,'E$' ;clear screen/home cursor
buffer db buffer_length dup (?) ;main buffer region

mov ax,DS ;get buffer data segment
mov ES,ax ;ready for store
mov di,offset buffer ;get storage buffer
mov si,di ;init for later use
mov dx,offset read_screen ;read entire screen string
mov ah,printf ;o/p it up to $
int msdos ;call the OS
;
; now read entire screen in to BUFFER
;
mov ah,coniof ;read from keyboard buffer
mov dl,conin ;ready to read
mov cx,buffer_length ;count of chars to read
;
in_loop:
int msdos ;get a char in AL
stosb ;save the char in BUFFER
loop in_loop ; and loop till buffer full
;
mov ah,printf ;ready to clear the screen
mov dx,offset clear_screen ;get the string
int msdos ; and o/p it up to $
;
; now replace the screen data
;
mov cx,buffer_length ;get the count
mov ah,coniof ;get the o/p char function
;
out_loop:
lodsb ;get a char
mov dl,al ; ready to go
int msdos ;o/p it
loop out_loop ;loop till buffer empty
ret ;


2.5.3 Microsoft Pascal Compiler -- Transmit Page

PROGRAM Scrnbuf;

    CONST
      clear_screen = CHR(27)*CHR(69)*CHR(36);
      transmit_page = CHR(27)*CHR(35)*CHR(36);
      err_msg = 'ERROR$';
      direct_conio = #6;
      conin = #0FF;
      print_string = #9;

    VAR
      screen_dump : ARRAY [1..1920] OF CHAR;
      ch : CHAR;
      i : INTEGER;
      param : WORD;
      status : BYTE;

FUNCTION DOSXQQ( command, parameter : WORD ) : BYTE; EXTERNAL;

BEGIN
   EVAL(DOSXQQ(print_string,WRD(ADR(transmit_page) ) ) );
   param:= BYWORD( 0, conin );
   status:= DOSXQQ( direct_conio, param );
   IF status <> 0 THEN
    BEGIN
     i:= 1;
      WHILE status <> 0 DO
     BEGIN
     ch:= CHR(status);
     screen_dump[i]:= ch;
     i:= i + 1;
     status:= DOSXQQ( direct_conio, param );
     END;
     i:= i - 1;
     EVAL(DOSXQQ(print_string,WRD(ADR(clear_screen) ) ) );
     FOR VAR J:= 1 TO i DO
     EVAL(DOSXQQ( direct_conio, WRD(screen_dump[J]) ) );
  END
 ELSE
  EVAL(DOSXQQ(print_string,WRD(ADR(err_msg) ) ) );
END.


2.6 25th Line Display - Examples of Use

2.6.1 Microsoft MACRO-86 Assembler

; program name SETKEY
;
; written by Greg Johnstone
; Barson Computers
; 335 Johnston St
; Abbotsford, 3067
;
; This program displays function key tokens in the 25th line of
; the display on the SIRIUS. The program does NOT affect the
; codes attached to these keys (you must use KEYGEN in the Grafix
; or Programmers Toolkits to do this); NOR does it read the
; keyboard table to find out what the current code is. All this
; program does, is to display the data contained in BUFFER
; (below) on the screen. Ten characters are allowed for each key
; label. You will need the programmers toolkit to proceed. Use
; MACRO86 to assemble this program then use LINK to link it, as
; follows:
;
; MACRO86 SETKEY;
; LINK SETKEY;
;
; LINK will produce the message "warning: no stack segment",
; ignore it. LINK produces a file ; SETKEY.EXE which will not
; run. What you must do is produce a .COM file using DEBUG, as
; follows:
; DEBUG SETKEY.EXE
; N SETKEY.COM
; W
; Q
;
; The resulting program SETKEY.COM will run.
;
page
code       segment
assume cs:code, ds:code

boot equ 0 ;system reboot function
listout equ 5 ;list output function
conout equ 2 ;console output function
; cr equ 0dh ;carriage return
lf equ 0ah ;line feed
esc equ 1bh ;escape
;
org 100h
start:
mov bx,offset buffer ;point to output string
again:
mov ah,conout ;set parameters for list output
mov dl,[bx] ;get next character
cmp dl,0 ;test for end
jz cont
push bx
int 21h ;print it
pop bx
inc bx ;next
jmp again
cont:
mov ah,boot ;reboot
int 21h
;
buffer:
db esc,'j' ;save cursor
db esc,'x1' ;enable 25th line
db esc,'Y',25+1fh,20h ;put cursor in 25th line
db ' ',esc,'p' ;turn on reverse mode
db 'DIRECTORY ' ;label for key 1
db esc,'q ',esc,'p'
db 'DISC COPY ' ;key 2
db esc,'q ',esc,'p'
db ' FORMAT ' ;key 3
db esc,'q ',esc,'p'
db ' CHKDSK ' ;key 4
db esc,'q ',esc,'p'
db ' EDIT ' ;key 5
db esc,'q ',esc,'p'
db ' REPEAT ' ;key 6
db esc,'q ',esc,'p'
db ' ABORT ' ;key 7
db esc,'q',' ' ;end 25th line
db esc,'k' ;put cursor back to saved position
db 0

code ends
end start


2.6.2 Microsoft MS-BASIC

10 '        **************************
15 '        * *
20 '        * SET UP FOR 25TH LINE *
25 '        * *
30 '        **************************
35 '
40 WIDTH 255:PRINT CHR$(27);"E";TAB(28)"TEST FUNCTION KEY DISPLAY";
45 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT:INPUT "What is the Base Flag ";BASE
50 IF BASE<1 OR BASE>3 THEN RUN
60 GOSUB 100:GOSUB 200:GOTO 20
65 '
70 'variables base = flags which display to print
75 ' fkct = number of keys to be set
80 ' fk$ = array to hold key name
85 ' fksz = function key wording size
90 '
100 '*** subroutine to read key names as per base flag ***
110 E$=CHR$(27)
120 IF BASE = 1 THEN RESTORE 1010      rem restore data as per flag
130 IF BASE = 2 THEN RESTORE 1020
140 IF BASE = 3 THEN RESTORE 1030
150 READ FKCT      rem read number of keys to set
160 FOR I=1 TO FKCT      rem loop to read key names
170 READ FK$(I)      rem set fk$(i) to name
180 NEXT
190 RETURN      rem exit this subroutine
200 '*** subroutine to display key names on 25th line ***
210 FKSZ = INT((80-(FKCT-1))/FKCT)
220 X$="":C$=E$+"q"+" "+e$+"p"      rem c$= space in normal video
230 FOR I=1 TO FKCT      rem loop to set display string
240 B$=LEFT$(FK$(I),FKSZ):J=INT((FKSZ-LEN(B$)+1)/2)
250 X$=X$+C$+LEFT$(SPACE$(J)+B$+SPACE$(FKSZ),FKSZ)
260 NEXT I
270 X$=E$+"p"+X$+E$+"q"      rem include on/off video
280 PRINT E$"x1";E$"j";e$"Y8 ";E$"1";X$;E$"Y ";E$"k";:'print it
290 RETURN
1000 '*** data for key names ***
1010 DATA 7,"BASE1 KEY1","BASE1 KEY2","BASE1 KEY2","BASE1 KEY3","BASE1 KEY4","BASE1 KEY5","BASE1 KEY6","BASE1 KEY7"
1020 DATA 7,"BASE2 KEY1","BASE2 KEY2","BASE2 KEY3","BASE2 KEY4", "BASE2 KEY5".BASE2 KEY6","BASE2 KEY7"
1030 DATA 7,"EVEN","NAMES","THAT","VARY","IN","LENGTH"," "


2.7 132-Column Display

Both WordStar and SuperCalc may be 'run' under the 132 Column display mode. You must, however, use the 'Install' programs of WordStar and SuperCalc to modify the screen dimensions for use in the 132 x 50 mode.

WordStar: To modify WordStar, simply type 'Install' and follow the prompts for customer terminal installation. When you get to the menu, follow the prompts to modify screen dimensions. You must change the screen to 50 lines and 132 columns (or less, if you desire).

SuperCalc: To modify SuperCalc, type 'Install' and select modify screen dimensions. You must change the lines to 38 and the column to 132 (or less, if you desire). A copy of SuperCalc 'Install' may be obtained from Barson Computers.

You may wish to copy or rename the modified program files (ie. WS132.CMD, SC132.CMD) so that you need not reconfigure the program each time you wish to change from 132 column to 80 column operation.

Last update: 02/03/2007